A Information to Indonesian Espresso Cultivars and Varieties

Picture courtesy of Royal Espresso. Click on right here to obtain a pdf of the Indonesian Cultivars infographic.

Espresso’s cultivated historical past on the world’s largest archipelagic state, and fourth-most-populous nation, dates as early as 1699, launched by Dutch colonizer-merchants.

The botanical origins of the Typica number of Arabica had been taken from the Indonesian island of Java to the botanical gardens within the Netherlands, and thereafter to the remainder of the world.

Espresso leaf rust decimated manufacturing within the late 19th century, and the islands quickly turned a proving floor for various species of espresso proof against the fungus, Coffea canephora, colloquially generally known as Robusta. Liberica and Excelsa, too, had been launched to the islands in ongoing efforts to enhance resilience and genetic range. 

At this time, Indonesia constantly ranks among the many high 5 espresso producing nations by quantity, attaining roughly 11 million 60-kilogram luggage in 2024. Over a 3rd of the espresso grown on the islands is consumed domestically reasonably than exported.

That the islands of Indonesia stay related in trendy espresso manufacturing is an unusual feat. With a inventory of hearty crops, an entrenched historical past of manufacturing and proximity to an emergent increase in espresso shopper markets all through Asia, locations like Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali and Flores — whereas nonetheless susceptible to warming and unpredictable climate, typhoons and earthquakes — seem properly positioned to maintain manufacturing into the foreseeable future. 

It’s unsurprising, given this context, that the huge community of islands and their connection to espresso manufacturing and consumption have birthed a wholly distinctive subset of plant sorts and language. What follows is as complete a abstract of Indonesian espresso cultivars and varieties as we may compile.

Indonesian Espresso Cultivars and Varieties

Abyssinia: Merely referred to as “Abyssinian Arabica” in P.J.S. Cramer’s posthumous A Evaluate of Literature of Espresso Analysis of Indonesia, it might appear the creator (and longtime director of espresso analysis in Java) launched seeds from mom timber immediately from “estates in Abyssinia” (what outsiders referred to as Ethiopia, on the time) in 1928. 11 picks had been delivered to Indonesia, of which seven (AB1-AB7) had been launched. Nonetheless identified domestically in Indonesia as “Abyssinia,” (or as cognates “Adsenia” or “Abissinie”), AB3 would subsequent journey from Java to Cameroon, the place the tree’s genetics had been preserved and finally taken to Costa Rica, quickly spreading all through the Americas. Morphologically just like Typica, it’s typically been mistaken for a relative, however World Espresso Analysis’s genetic fingerprinting validates its provenance as immediately Ethiopian. AB3 is thought worldwide as “Java.” 

Andungsari: A specific dwarf Catimor that prefers full solar and requires excessive inputs. Inclined to leaf rust. Andungsari 1 was chosen in 1982 by the Indonesian Espresso and Cocoa Analysis Institute (ICCRI) in East Java by agronomic trials together with yield, high quality, and different components. These trials had been carried out over the course of about 17 years, and it was formally launched as a business selection by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1999. 

Ateng: Brief for “Aceh Tengah”, additionally the title of a remarkably quick comic, Andreas Leo Ateng Suripto. This can be a Catimor chosen for low top, simple to select shrubs. Typically grown at decrease altitudes as a consequence of its illness resistance, it’s not thought of to be a top quality cultivar, however is planted broadly. Typically referred to as “Ateng Jeluk” or “Ateng Tremendous.” 

Bergendal: Apocryphally, outdated Typica-type timber that survived the primary Espresso Leaf Rust outbreak within the late 19th century. 

Blawan Pasumah: A Typica choice from East Java, doubtless the namesake of the Blawan Property. 

Borbor: Hybrido de Timor crossed with Bourbon. 

Gayo Dua: A cross of Tim Tim (Hybrido de Timor) with Bourbon. Additionally topic to variance as a consequence of interbreeding and rising from seed. Rumors of being crossed with S. 795 reasonably than Bourbon. See additionally: Borbor.  

Gayo Satu: Initially a number of Hybrido de Timor, however now successfully a cross of Tim Tim and different domestically grown varieties, usually solely present in Gayo.  

Hybrido de Timor: The unique Canephora-Arabica hybrid, a spontaneous occurrance subsequently reproduced commercially—and is not generally discovered aside from within the genetics of extra fashionable cultivars. Typically abbreviated as HdT. Identified domestically as Tim Tim. 

Java: See Abyssinia

Jember: See S. 795 

Kartika: Actually “Kopi Arabica Tipe Katuai” or Catuai selection espresso. Dropped at Indonesia in 1987 as a part of a Portuguese multi location selection trial. Can obtain top quality however could be very inclined to leaf rust, and requires excessive inputs.  

Komasti: A portmanteau of Komponen Andungsari Tiga (actually: Andungsari Element Three), and a product of the ICCRI (Indonesia Espresso and Cocoa Analysis Institute) aka Puslitkoka. This selection is definitely comprised of six genotypes, so there may be concern about stability of genetics when grown from seeds. Growers respect this cultivar for quick fruiting and enormous cherry measurement, in addition to espresso leaf rust resistance not discovered within the authentic Andungsari selection.

Kopyol: A cross of Tim Tim (Hybrido de Timor) with different native species, usually discovered solely in Bali.  

Lini S: See S. 795 

Onan Ganjang: A specific selection from Humbang Hasundatan Regency, southwest of Dolok Sanggul in North Sumatra. Based on some it’s a full Arabica, however purported by others to be a cross of Bourbon and S. 795 genetics. This selection was chosen for its massive bean measurement.  

P88: A Colombian (presumably Catimor) choice first launched in Kenya, then in Thailand. P88 was then taken to Gayo by means of Thailand in 1989.  

Rambung: Typically used as a synonym for Abyssinia AB7. Alternatively used to point a cross of AB7 and Hybrido de Timor. 

Rasuna/Lasuna: Reportedly a cross of Typica and Catimor. 

S. 795:Launched in 1946 by India’s Central Espresso Analysis Institute (CCRI) as “Choice 3,” it’s nonetheless grown broadly in each India and Indonesia (the place it’s domestically generally known as Lini S or often Jember, after its namesake analysis station in East Java, by which it was launched to the area starting in 1955). It’s bred from Kent and an interspecific hybrid of Liberica and Arabica generally known as S. 228 (CCRI’s “Choice 1”), whose growth dates to the mid-Thirties and supposedly was initiated by a spontaneous hybridization.

Sigarar Utang: Typically written Sigararutang, it is a hybrid cross of Arabica and Hybrido de Timor choice 831, and it’s shrouded in a veil of lore and misinformation. The title may be actually translated as “the payer of money owed,” a nod to the tree’s fast maturation and excessive productiveness. It’s typically confused with Ateng (a Catimor) however is usually thought to be distinct (though some sources point out that Sigarar Utang is a number of Ateng). Rumors surrounding its choice date to the late eighties by Opung Sopan Boru Siregar in Desa Batu Gajah, Paranginan, Lintong, Humbang Hasundutan on Sumatra. It was purportedly launched by ICCRI within the Nineties and definitively endorsed by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2005. Genetic testing signifies that it clusters intently with Ateng however is probably going a Typica (Blawan Pasumah) crossed with Hybrido de Timor. 

Tim Tim: Brief for “Timor Timur” or East Timor. That is the unique Hybrido de Timor—a Canephora-Arabica hybrid—and is not generally discovered aside from within the genetics of extra fashionable cultivars. 

USDA: Formally USDA 762 choice, taken from Ethiopian inventory originating in Mizan Tafari within the western Kaffa area, collected by Jean B. H. Lejeune. Dropped at Indonesian by FAO in 1955. Pronounced “oos-dah.” 

Different identified cultivars with unclear taxonomy/provenance: Gayu Tigre, and Kobra. 

[Author’s note: This report includes contributions from Surip Mawardi, Tovan Marhennatta and Chris Kornman.]

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